{"title":"Photoelectrochemistry","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotoelectrochemistry studies how light-driven charge separation at a semiconductor-electrolyte interface can be harnessed to drive useful redox chemistry\u003c\/strong\u003e — most prominently solar water splitting (the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions), CO2 reduction to fuels and feedstocks, nitrogen reduction, and pollutant degradation. The field sits between heterogeneous photocatalysis and conventional electrochemistry: a photoelectrode absorbs photons, generates electron-hole pairs, and either oxidizes or reduces a species in solution while the complementary half-reaction proceeds at a counter electrode.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe standard experimental toolkit is a three-electrode photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell illuminated through an optical window, with the working electrode under bias from a potentiostat and the cell mounted on the optical axis of a calibrated solar simulator (typically AM 1.5G) or a tunable monochromated source. Core measurements include linear sweep voltammetry under chopped light, open-circuit photopotential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with Mott-Schottky analysis to extract flat-band potential and donor density, and incident-photon-to-current-efficiency (IPCE) spectra for wavelength-resolved quantum yield.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMaterial families researched in this space include n-type metal-oxide photoanodes (TiO2, hematite Fe2O3, BiVO4, WO3), p-type photocathodes (Cu2O, CuBi2O4, silicon, III-V semiconductors), and increasingly tandem and Z-scheme architectures that pair complementary absorbers. These are routinely paired with co-catalysts (NiOOH, FeOOH, CoPi for OER; Pt, MoS2, NiMo for HER), surface passivation layers, and protective overlayers deposited by ALD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSupporting materials and laboratory equipment used in photoelectrochemical research — substrates, electrolytes, reference and counter electrodes, cells, and instrumentation — are distributed across the rest of the catalog rather than collected here. If you are sourcing components for a PEC build, browse substrates, reference electrodes, and the broader \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/energy-conversion\"\u003eenergy conversion\u003c\/a\u003e section.\u003c\/p\u003e\n","products":[{"product_id":"cpecfctp2e","title":"Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Flow Cell with Tandem Photoelectrodes (Two-Electrodes Configuration), CPECFCTP2E","description":"\u003cp\u003eA \u003cb data-index-in-node=\"2\" data-path-to-node=\"0\"\u003ephotoelectrochemical (PEC) flow cell\u003c\/b\u003e represents the ultimate convergence of photovoltaics and continuous-flow electrochemistry, which integrates the light-absorbing semiconductor directly into the flow stack as the active electrode. To achieve continuous solar fuel generation, the cell must be built as a modified filter-press flow cell with severe optical requirements. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eThe Optical Window\u003c\/strong\u003e: The cell housing facing the sun must be a highly transparent, mechanically robust material, typically quartz or specialized borosilicate glass, capable of withstanding the internal pressure of the flowing liquid\/gas reactants. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eTransparent Current Collectors\u003c\/strong\u003e: Standard solid graphite or titanium bipolar plates would block the light. PEC cells use transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) like Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) coated on glass, or finely woven titanium meshes that allow photons to pass through to the catalyst while still drawing the current away. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eFlow Fields\u003c\/strong\u003e: The flow channels must be heavily modified. If the liquid electrolyte layer over the photoelectrode is too thick, the water will absorb specific wavelengths of light before they reach the semiconductor. The flow field must maintain a very thin, uniform liquid film across the active area.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 601.226px;\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCPECFCTP2E (C-PECFC-TP2E)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eStructure\/Components\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectrode Type: FTO\/ITO coated photoelectrocatalyst \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlate Distance: 6-8 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectrode Frame: PE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlow Plate: Graphite\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurrent Collector: Gold-coated copper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTubing Connection: Barbed hose fitting (tubing I.D. 2mm, O.D 4mm)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 126px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 126px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Sizes\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 126px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDefault photo-effective area is 2.0 cm * 2.0 cm (4.0 cm2) \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOther types of active areas, such as (3.0cm * 3.0cm), (5cm * 5cm) are also available upon request.  \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell size: W125×H104 mm \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssembling Diagram\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CCSFGPECFC_02_160x160.png?v=1772868455\" width=\"249\" height=\"106\"\u003e  \u003cimg height=\"111\" width=\"93\" style=\"float: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CCSFGPECFC_03_160x160.png?v=1772868514\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlow Pump (\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(247, 8, 8);\"\u003eOptional\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe flow pump can be supplied upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e      \u003cimg height=\"90\" width=\"111\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CMEAFESFC_flow_pump_160x160.png?v=1772439579\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/2017\/qn\/d3cs00145h\/unauth\"\u003eB. Liu, et al., Tandem cells for unbiased photoelectrochemical water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2023,52, 4644-4671\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/jp405291g\"\u003eM. S. Prévot, et al., Photoelectrochemical Tandem Cells for Solar Water Splitting, J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 35, 17879–17893\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/cssc.201501401\"\u003eJ. H. Kim, et al., Overall Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting using Tandem Cell under Simulated Sunlight, ChemSusChem, 2016, 9, 61-66\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e","brand":"TZTX","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47427298722022,"sku":"CPECFCTP2E","price":1499.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CCSFGPECFC_main.png?v=1772868454"},{"product_id":"cpececssqw","title":"Photoelectrochemical-Electrochemical (PEC-EC) Hybrid Flow Cell with Single-Side Quartz Window, CPECECSSQW","description":"\u003cp\u003eWhile semiconductors (like silicon, perovskites, or metal oxides) are exceptional at absorbing light and generating excited electrons, they are often terrible catalysts for complex, multi-electron reactions like the electrochemical reduction of CO2. If you attempt to reduce CO2 directly on the surface of a photoelectrode, it generally results in poor product selectivity, or the semiconductor physically corrodes away in the liquid electrolyte (photocorrosion). A PEC-EC system solves this by dividing the labor. It physically and electrically couples a solar-harvesting photoelectrode (the PEC side) with a highly optimized, specialized \"dark\" electrocatalyst (the EC side).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe PEC Photoanode (The Solar Engine)\u003c\/strong\u003e: Positioned behind a quartz or specialized glass window, a semiconductor (such as BiVO4, Fe2O}3, or TiO2) absorbs incoming photons. The photon energy excites electrons, driving the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) on the surface of the photoanode. It splits flowing liquid water into O2 gas, protons (H+), and electrons (e-). The flowing anolyte continuously sweeps the O2 bubbles away so they do not scatter the incoming sunlight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \"Dark\" EC Cathode (The Chemical Factory)\u003c\/strong\u003e: The electrons generated by the sun are funneled through an external circuit (or a monolithic internal conductive layer) to the opposite side of the flow cell. This side utilizes the exact Gas Diffusion Electrode (GDE) architecture required for continuous gas conversion. Humidified CO2 gas is forced through the GDE.A highly engineered, purely electrochemical catalyst (like nanostructured copper, silver, or single-atom catalysts) sits on the liquid-gas boundary. This catalyst receives the solar-generated electrons and uses them to reduce the CO2 into specific, targeted products like ethylene, formate, or carbon monoxide, which are then swept out by the catholyte flow loop.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 601.226px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCPECECSSQW (C-PECEC-SSQW)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eStructure\/Components\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhotoelectrode Type: FTO\/ITO coated electrocatalyst\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDark Catalyst Type: Selective electrocatalyst \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlate Distance: 6-8 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectrode Frame: PE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlow Plate: Graphite\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurrent Collector: Gold-coated copper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTubing Connection: Barbed hose fitting (tubing I.D. 2mm, O.D 4mm)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 126px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 126px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Sizes\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 126px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDefault photo-effective area is 2.0 cm * 2.0 cm (4.0 cm2) \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOther types of active areas, such as (3.0cm * 3.0cm), (5cm * 5cm) are also available upon request.  \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell size: W125×H104 mm \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssembling Diagram\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e  \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CCSFGPECECHFC_02_240x240.png?v=1772913668\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e \u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CCSFGPECECHFC_03_160x160.png?v=1772918714\" width=\"105\" height=\"135\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlow Pump (\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(247, 8, 8);\"\u003eOptional\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe flow pump can be supplied upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e      \u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CMEAFESFC_flow_pump_160x160.png?v=1772439579\" width=\"111\" height=\"90\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/adfm.202008182\"\u003eChanon Pornrungroj, et al., Bifunctional Perovskite-BiVO4 Tandem Devices for Uninterrupted Solar and Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Cycles, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31, 2008182\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/anie.202219076\"\u003eL. Zhang, et al. Decoupled Artificial Photosynthesis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202219076\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"TZTX","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47427941662950,"sku":"CPECECSSQW","price":1499.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CCSFGPECECHFC_main.png?v=1772913597"},{"product_id":"cpecechfctpdsqw","title":"Photoelectrochemical-Electrochemical (PEC-EC) Hybrid Flow Cell with Tandem Photoelectrodes and Double-Side Quartz Windows, CPECECHFCTPDSQW","description":"\u003cp\u003eWhile semiconductors (like silicon, perovskites, or metal oxides) are exceptional at absorbing light and generating excited electrons, they are often terrible catalysts for complex, multi-electron reactions like the electrochemical reduction of CO2. If you attempt to reduce CO2 directly on the surface of a photoelectrode, it generally results in poor product selectivity, or the semiconductor physically corrodes away in the liquid electrolyte (photocorrosion). A PEC-EC system solves this by dividing the labor. It physically and electrically couples a solar-harvesting photoelectrode (the PEC side) with a highly optimized, specialized \"dark\" electrocatalyst (the EC side).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe PEC Photoanode (The Solar Engine)\u003c\/strong\u003e: Positioned behind a quartz or specialized glass window, a semiconductor (such as BiVO4, Fe2O}3, or TiO2) absorbs incoming photons. The photon energy excites electrons, driving the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) on the surface of the photoanode. It splits flowing liquid water into O2 gas, protons (H+), and electrons (e-). The flowing anolyte continuously sweeps the O2 bubbles away so they do not scatter the incoming sunlight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \"Dark\" EC Cathode (The Chemical Factory)\u003c\/strong\u003e: The electrons generated by the sun are funneled through an external circuit (or a monolithic internal conductive layer) to the opposite side of the flow cell. This side utilizes the exact Gas Diffusion Electrode (GDE) architecture required for continuous gas conversion. Humidified CO2 gas is forced through the GDE.A highly engineered, purely electrochemical catalyst (like nanostructured copper, silver, or single-atom catalysts) sits on the liquid-gas boundary. This catalyst receives the solar-generated electrons and uses them to reduce the CO2 into specific, targeted products like ethylene, formate, or carbon monoxide, which are then swept out by the catholyte flow loop.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 601.226px;\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCPECECHFCTPDSQW (C-PECECHFC-TPDSQW)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eStructure\/Components\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhotoelectrode Type: FTO\/ITO coated electrocatalyst, one is for photoanode and one is for photocathode\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDark Catalyst Type: Selective electrocatalyst \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlate Distance: 6-8 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectrode Frame: PE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlow Plate: Graphite\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurrent Collector: Gold-coated copper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTubing Connection: Barbed hose fitting (tubing I.D. 2mm, O.D 4mm)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 126px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 126px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Sizes\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 126px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDefault photo-effective area is 2.0 cm * 2.0 cm (4.0 cm2) \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOther types of active areas, such as (3.0cm * 3.0cm), (5cm * 5cm) are also available upon request.  \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell size: W125×H104 mm \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssembling Diagram\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CPECECHFCTPDSQW_02_240x240.png?v=1772946422\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e  \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CPECECHFCTPDSQW_03_160x160.png?v=1772946471\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlow Pump (\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(247, 8, 8);\"\u003eOptional\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe flow pump can be supplied upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e      \u003cimg height=\"90\" width=\"111\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CMEAFESFC_flow_pump_160x160.png?v=1772439579\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/adfm.202008182\"\u003eChanon Pornrungroj, et al., Bifunctional Perovskite-BiVO4 Tandem Devices for Uninterrupted Solar and Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Cycles, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31, 2008182\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/anie.202219076\"\u003eL. Zhang, et al. Decoupled Artificial Photosynthesis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202219076\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"TZTX","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47428038852838,"sku":"CPECECHFCTPDSQW","price":1499.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CPECECHFCTPDSQW_main.png?v=1772946362"},{"product_id":"csfgptcfc","title":"Photothermal Catalysis Flow Cell for Solar Fuel Generation, CSFGPTCFC","description":"\u003cp\u003eA photothermal catalysis flow cell represents a sophisticated fusion of solar-thermal energy and chemical engineering. While standard photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells use sunlight to move electrons, photothermal systems use the entire solar spectrum (UV, visible, and Infrared) to generate intense localized heat on a catalyst surface. This heat lowers the activation energy of chemical reactions, allowing for \"thermal\" catalysis—like the Sabatier reaction or CO₂ hydrogenation—to occur using only concentrated sunlight, without the need for external furnaces or high-pressure steam. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a continuous flow cell for photothermal generation, the stack is designed to trap heat while moving gases or liquids. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eOptical Window\u003c\/strong\u003e: A double-pane quartz or high-borosilicate window is used. The gap between panes is often vacuum-sealed to provide thermal insulation, preventing the \"greenhouse\" heat from escaping the reactor. (2) \u003cstrong\u003ePhotothermal Absorber\/Catalyst\u003c\/strong\u003e: This is the heart of the cell. It is typically a flow-through porous matrix (like a ceramic foam, metallic sponge, or carbon felt) coated with \"black\" plasmonic nanoparticles (e.g., Ru, Ni, or Au) or semiconductors like black TiO₂. These materials are engineered to have near-perfect solar absorbance (low reflectance). (3) \u003cstrong\u003eHeat Localization\u003c\/strong\u003e: Unlike a standard oven that heats the whole room, these cells use nanoscale heating. The photons strike the nanoparticles, causing \"localized surface plasmon resonance\" (LSPR) or vibrational excitation, heating the catalyst surface to hundreds of degrees Celsius while the surrounding reactor body stays relatively cool.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 601.226px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCSFGPTCFC (C-SFG-PTCFC)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eStructure\/Components\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 184.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhotothermal Catalyst Type: photocatalyst with LSPR metal\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOptical Window: Quartz\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlate Distance: 6-8 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectrode Frame: PE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlow Plate: Graphite\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurrent Collector: Gold-coated copper\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTubing Connection: Barbed hose fitting (tubing I.D. 2mm, O.D 4mm)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 126px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 126px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Sizes\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 126px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDefault photo-effective area is 1.8 cm * 2.8 cm (~5.0 cm2) \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOther types of active areas, such as (3.5cm * 3.5cm), (5cm * 5cm) are also available upon request.  \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell size: W125×H104 mm \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssembling Diagram\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 131.438px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e     \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CSFGPTCFC_02_160x160.png?v=1772947935\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e   \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CSFGPTCFC_03_100x100.png?v=1772947934\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlow Pump (\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(247, 8, 8);\"\u003eOptional\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 84.188px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe flow pump can be supplied upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e      \u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CMEAFESFC_flow_pump_160x160.png?v=1772439579\" width=\"111\" height=\"90\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 33.0935%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 66.7266%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-45516-4\"\u003eX. Wang, et al., A nonmetallic plasmonic catalyst for photothermal CO2 flow conversion with high activity, selectivity and durability, Nature Communications, 2024, 15, 1273\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/acscatal.5c02269\"\u003eH. He, et al. Continuous Flow Photothermal Catalytic CO2 Reduction: Materials, Mechanisms, and System Design, ACS Catal. 2025, 15, 12, 10480–10520\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"TZTX","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47428414669030,"sku":"CSFGPTCFC","price":1499.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CSFGPTCFC_main.png?v=1772947870"},{"product_id":"csfgpecfcgde","title":"Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Flow Cell with Gas-Diffusion Electrode (GDE) for Solar Fuel Generation, CSFGPECFCGDE","description":"\u003cp\u003eA Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Flow Cell with a Gas-Diffusion Electrode (GDE) is an advanced reactor design that overcomes the primary limitation of traditional solar fuel systems: the low solubility and slow diffusion of gases (like CO2 or N2) in liquid electrolytes. By integrating a GDE—a porous, hydrophobic electrode—directly into a PEC flow cell, gaseous reactants can reach the photoactive catalyst surface at much higher rates, enabling \"solar-to-fuel\" (STF) conversion at commercially relevant current densities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe design typically consists of a \"three-phase interface\" where the solid catalyst, liquid electrolyte, and gaseous reactant meet. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eOptical Window\u003c\/strong\u003e: Usually made of Quartz, allowing solar or simulated light to reach the photoelectrode without significant absorption losses. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eGas-Diffusion Photoelectrode\u003c\/strong\u003e: A porous substrate (like carbon paper or PTFE-treated carbon cloth) coated with a semiconductor (e.g., TiO2, Cu2O, or BiVO4). The gas is fed from the \"dry\" back-side, while the \"wet\" front-side is in contact with the electrolyte. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eFlow Channels\u003c\/strong\u003e: Serpentine or parallel channels that circulate the liquid electrolyte to remove products and manage local pH levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCSFGPECFCGDE (C-SFG-PECFCGDE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe whole photoelectrochemical cell was constructed with a photoelectrode flow chamber with optical window, gas chamber, and a counter flow chamber.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA gas-diffusion-type photoelectrode can be tested for CO2\/N2 reduction, which addresses the light blocking issue of photoelectrode in a regular PEC system. Counter and reference electrode can be Pt and Ag\/AgCl (included). \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlow cell chamber is able to collect gas and liquid products from PEC reduction.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO-rings were presented to provide high sealing quality. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eIllumination Area of PEC Cell\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEffective light illumination area: 3.15 cm2 \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eValves and Fitting\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1\/4\" O.D Tube Fittings for inlet and outlet ports\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlow Pump (Optional)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe flow pump can be supplied upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e      \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CMEAFESFC_flow_pump_160x160.png?v=1772439579\" alt=\"\" width=\"84\" height=\"69\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/advs.202411348\"\u003eH. Jung, et al., Continuous Flow Photoelectrochemical Reactor with Gas Permeable Photocathode: Enhanced Photocurrent and Partial Current Density for CO2 Reduction, Adv. Sci., 2025, 12, 2411348\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-022-34926-x\"\u003eB. Liu, et al. Back-illuminated photoelectrochemical flow cell for efficient CO2 reduction, \u003cem\u003eNature Communications.\u003c\/em\u003e 2022, 13\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-022-34926-x\"\u003e, 7111\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47439640494310,"sku":"CSFGPECFCGDE","price":1999.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CSFGPECFCGDE_main.png?v=1773124091"},{"product_id":"cfpr5psqc","title":"Five-Port Square Quartz Cell (L30*W30*H40 mm) for Fundamental Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) Research, CFPR5PSQC","description":"\u003cp\u003eA five-port square quartz cell is a specialized reactor designed for fundamental photoelectrochemistry (PEC). Unlike standard cylindrical glass cells, the square geometry and quartz material are specifically chosen to minimize optical distortions and allow for the transmission of high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light, which is essential for activating wide-bandgap semiconductors like TiO2.The five-port configuration provides the necessary ports for a standard three-electrode system while allowing for rigorous environmental control (gas purging) required for sensitive solar-fuel research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reasons choose the square quartz are shown below: (1) \u003cstrong\u003eOptical Precision\u003c\/strong\u003e: Cylindrical glass acts like a lens, refracting and focusing light inconsistently across the electrode surface. A flat, square quartz face ensures that the incident light (from a solar simulator or laser) hits the photoelectrode at a perpendicular angle with uniform intensity. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eUV Transmission\u003c\/strong\u003e: Standard borosilicate glass blocks light below ~300 nm. Quartz (specifically High-Purity Synthetic Fused Silica) is transparent down to 170–200 nm, allowing for the study of UV-active photocatalysts. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eLow Fluorescence\u003c\/strong\u003e: Quartz has negligible background fluorescence compared to glass, which is critical if you are combining electrochemical measurements with operando fluorescence spectroscopy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe five-port configuration can be used to host the working, counter, and reference electrode, as well as gas inlet and outlet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCFPR5PSQC (C-FPR-5PSQC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe square electrochemical cell body is made of quartz that has high light transparence (\u0026gt;95%) \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe quartz cell was made in integrated molding. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe maximum operation temperature can be up to 900 °C. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe cell lid is PTFE with five ports. Working, counter, and reference electrode (φ 6 mm) are not included, which should be purchased separately from here: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/electrolyzers-fuel-cells-accessories?page=1#5a961b28b23fa1ef8cc7ded7ee6c8965\"\u003eElectrochemical Accessories\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe magnetic stirring bar can be placed at the cell bottom to increase the mass transfer during PEC reactions. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Luggin Capillary can be additionally purchased to host the reference electrode to reduce voltage drop.  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell size: L30*W30*H40 mm (other sizes, such as 40*50*60 mm, 50*50*50 mL, and 60*60*60 mL, 50*50*60 mL can be supplied upon request)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe diameter (I.D.) of ports for electrodes is 6.5 mm, and the diameter (I.D.) of ports for gas flow ports is 3.2 mm.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Types\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNon-Sealed Cell Type\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSealed Cell Type\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Non-Sealed PEC Cell","offer_id":47453779951846,"sku":"CFPR5PSQCNS","price":399.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Sealed PEC Cell","offer_id":47453779984614,"sku":"CFPR5PSQCS","price":599.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CFPR5PSQC_main.png?v=1773528433"},{"product_id":"cpsrtfqc","title":"Thin-Film Quartz Cell (Electrolyte Gap: 8*6.5*1.5mm) for Photoelectrochemical Spectroscopy Research, CPSRTFQC","description":"\u003cp\u003eA thin-film cell for photoelectrochemical spectroscopy is a high-precision reactor designed to measure the optoelectronic properties of semiconductor films (like Fe2O3, TiO2, or perovskites) as a function of light wavelength and applied potential. These cells are optimized for Incident Photon-to-Current Efficiency (IPCE) and Absorbed Photon-to-Current Efficiency (APCE) measurements. To achieve high sensitivity, they must minimize optical losses and maintain a perfectly defined active area.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn photoelectrochemical spectroscopy, the \"purity\" of the light reaching the electrode is paramount. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eQuartz Window (JGS1 Grade)\u003c\/strong\u003e: Essential for maintaining a flat baseline across the UV-Visible-NIR spectrum. High-purity quartz ensures \u0026gt;95% transmission down to 200 nm. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eThin Electrolyte Gap\u003c\/strong\u003e: In spectroscopy, the \"Beer-Lambert\" absorption by the electrolyte can mask the semiconductor's true response. These cells typically use a gap of 1-3 mm between the window and the film to minimize \"solution shielding.\" (3) \u003cstrong\u003eZero-Angle Incidence\u003c\/strong\u003e: The flat faces of the cell ensure the monochromatic light hits the film at a 90° angle, preventing reflection losses and refraction errors that occur in curved glass cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCPSRTFQC (C-PSR-TFQC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe PEC cell body is made of quartz that has high light transparence (\u0026gt;95%). The quartz cell was made in integrated molding. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe cell lid is PTFE with three-electrode configuration ports.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe working electrode is Pt mesh (6*7mm). The counter electrode is Pt wire (D=0.5 mm). The reference electrode is Ag\/AgCl (D=3.8 mm).\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe active photoelectrode material is deposited on the Pt mesh. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectrode gap inside the cell is 8*6.5*1.5mm. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell size: square dimension of 12*12 mm. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Types\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNon-Sealed PEC Cell\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSealed PEC Cell\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Non-Sealed PEC Cell","offer_id":47453803315430,"sku":"CPSRTFQCNS","price":699.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Sealed PEC Cell","offer_id":47453803348198,"sku":"CPSRTFQCS","price":1299.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CPSRTFQC_main.png?v=1773532210"},{"product_id":"cfprrqc","title":"Round Quartz Cell (O.D.= 25mm, I.D. = 20 mm, H=40 mm) for Fundamental Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) Research, CFPRRQC","description":"\u003cp\u003eA five-port round quartz cell is a specialized electrochemical reactor used for photoelectrochemical (PEC) research where high-intensity light exposure is required. While square cells are often preferred for their lack of distortion, the round (cylindrical) quartz cell is the standard for high-volume testing, high-temperature experiments, and setups requiring a perfectly uniform thermal environment. The use of quartz ensures that UV light (critical for semiconductors like TiO2 or ZnO) reaches the sample without being filtered out by standard laboratory glass.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reasons choose the round quartz are shown below: (1) \u003cstrong\u003eStructural Integrity\u003c\/strong\u003e: Cylindrical geometries handle internal pressure and thermal expansion better than square cells. If you are conducting PEC at elevated temperatures, a round cell is less likely to crack. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eUniform Mixing\u003c\/strong\u003e: The circular base is optimized for magnetic stirring, creating a vortex that ensures reactants (like dissolved CO2) are uniformly distributed and that gas bubbles (H2 or O2) are swept away from the light path. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eUV-Transparency\u003c\/strong\u003e: Quartz (Fused Silica) provides \u0026gt;90% transmission for wavelengths as low as 200 nm, which is necessary for wide-bandgap photocatalysts that do not respond to visible light.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe five-port configuration can be used to host the working, counter, and reference electrode, as well as gas inlet and outlet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCFPRRQC (C-FPR-RQC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe round electrochemical cell body is made of quartz that has high light transparence (\u0026gt;95%) \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe quartz cell was made in integrated molding. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe cell lid is PTFE with five ports. Working, counter, and reference electrode (φ 6 mm) are not included, which should be purchased separately from here: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/electrolyzers-fuel-cells-accessories?page=1#5a961b28b23fa1ef8cc7ded7ee6c8965\"\u003eElectrochemical Accessories\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor the absolutely sealed type, all the electrodes are specially designed and can be supplied upon request.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Luggin Capillary can be additionally purchased to host the reference electrode to reduce voltage drop.  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell size: O.D. =25 mm, I.D. = 20 mm, H=40 mm (other sizes, such as O.D.\/I.D.\/H =15\/12\/20 mm, 25\/15\/32 mm, and 60*60*60 mL, 50\/46\/50 mm can be supplied upon request)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe diameter (I.D.) of ports for electrodes is 6.5 mm, and the diameter (I.D.) of ports for gas flow ports is 3.2 mm.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Types\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNon-Sealed PEC Cell (O.D.\/I.D.\/H=25\/20\/40 mm)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSealed PEC Cell (O.D.\/I.D.\/H=42\/38\/26 mm, 20 mL)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolutely Sealed PEC Cell (O.D.\/I.D.\/H=42\/38\/26 mm, 20 mL)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Non-Sealed PEC Cell","offer_id":47453871603942,"sku":"CFPRRQCNS","price":299.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Sealed PEC Cell","offer_id":47453871636710,"sku":"CFPRRQCS","price":449.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Absolutely Sealed PEC Cell","offer_id":47453938778342,"sku":"CFPRRQCAS","price":549.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CFPR5PRQC_main.png?v=1773536379"},{"product_id":"cfprtcsqw","title":"Test Cell (50 mL) with Single Quartz Window for Fundamental Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) Research, CFPRTCSQW","description":"\u003cp\u003eA five-port round glass cell with a side illumination quartz window is a specialized \"hybrid\" reactor designed for photoelectrochemistry (PEC). By combining a robust borosilicate glass body with a precision-fused flat quartz window, this cell provides the structural benefits of a standard electrochemical cell while enabling high-fidelity optical access for solar simulators or lasers. This configuration is particularly popular for researchers who need to maintain a strictly deoxygenated or gas-saturated environment while ensuring that light reaches the photoelectrode without the distortion caused by curved glass.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reasons for the hybrid cell design are: (1) \u003cstrong\u003eOptical Precision (The Window)\u003c\/strong\u003e: A flat quartz window eliminates the \"lensing effect\" of a curved glass wall, which would otherwise refract and focus light unevenly. This allows for an accurate calculation of the light intensity (mW\/cm2) hitting the catalyst. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eUV Transparency\u003c\/strong\u003e: High-purity quartz (usually JGS1) is transparent down to 200 nm}, whereas the glass body of the cell blocks UV light. This is critical for wide-bandgap semiconductors like TiO2. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eChemical\/Thermal Stability (The Body)\u003c\/strong\u003e: Borosilicate glass is more resistant to thermal shock and mechanical stress than square quartz cells, making it easier to use with heating mantles or water jackets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe five-port configuration can be used to host the working, counter, and reference electrode, as well as gas inlet and outlet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCFPRTCSQW (C-FPR-TC-SQW)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe round electrochemical cell body is made of borosilicate glass. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe side-illumination window is made of quartz with light transparence \u0026gt;95%. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe cell lid is PTFE with five ports.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor relatively sealed PEC cell, the working, counter, and reference electrode (φ 6 mm) can be purchased separately from here: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/electrolyzers-fuel-cells-accessories?page=1#5a961b28b23fa1ef8cc7ded7ee6c8965\"\u003eElectrochemical Accessories\u003c\/a\u003e. The diameter (I.D.) of ports for electrodes is 6.5 mm, and the diameter (I.D.) of ports for gas flow ports is 3.2 mm.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor absolutely sealed PEC cell, the specially designed working, counter, and reference electrodes can be supplied upon request. The valves are not included. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Luggin Capillary can be additionally purchased to host the reference electrode to reduce voltage drop.  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell volume: 50 mL (other volumes in 30-500 mL can be supplied upon request)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Types\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelatively Sealed Single-Layer PEC Cell \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelatively Sealed Dual-Layer (Water Bath) PEC Cell\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolutely Sealed Single-Layer PEC Cell\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolutely Sealed Dual-Layer (Water Bath) PEC Cell\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Relatively Sealed Single-Layer PEC Cell","offer_id":47453951590630,"sku":"CFPRTCSQWRSSL","price":299.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Relatively Sealed Dual-Layer (Water Bath) PEC Cell","offer_id":47453951623398,"sku":"CFPRTCSQWRSDL","price":349.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Absolutely Sealed Single-Layer PEC Cell","offer_id":47453951656166,"sku":"CFPRTCSQWASSL","price":349.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Absolutely Sealed Dual-Layer (Water Bath) PEC Cell","offer_id":47454095704294,"sku":"CFPRTCSQWASDL","price":399.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CFPR5PRGCSIQW_01.png?v=1773544589"},{"product_id":"cfprhttc","title":"H-Type Test Cell (50mL+50mL) with Single\/Double Quartz Window for Fundamental Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) Research, CFPRHTTC","description":"\u003cp\u003eAn H-Type Glass Cell with a Side-Illumination Quartz Window is a sophisticated reactor designed for photoelectrochemical (PEC) experiments that require both optical precision and chemical separation. By combining the dual-chamber design of an H-cell with a fused flat quartz window, this setup allows you to illuminate a photoelectrode while ensuring that the products formed at the anode and cathode never mix. This is essential for accurately measuring the efficiency of solar-fuel production, such as water splitting or CO2 reduction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn photoelectrochemistry (PEC), the \"H\" geometry serves a different purpose than in standard electrolysis: (1) \u003cstrong\u003eQuartz Window\u003c\/strong\u003e: A flat quartz window is fused into the side of the working chamber. This allows light from a solar simulator to hit the thin-film photoelectrode (e.g., TiO2 or BiVO4 on FTO glass) at a perpendicular angle. Unlike curved glass, the flat window prevents the \"lensing effect\" that would otherwise distort the light intensity (mW\/cm2). (2) \u003cstrong\u003eProduct Isolation\u003c\/strong\u003e: In water splitting, the H2 produced at the cathode and the O2 produced at the anode must stay separated. If they mix, they can chemically recombine on the catalyst surface, leading to false efficiency data and potential safety hazards. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eMembrane Bridge\u003c\/strong\u003e: A Nafion or Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) is clamped between the two chambers. This allows protons or ions to complete the circuit while blocking the crossover of gaseous or liquid products.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCFPRHTTC (C-FPR-HTTC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe round electrochemical cell body is made of borosilicate glass. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe side-illumination window is made of quartz with light transparence \u0026gt;95%. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe cell lid is PTFE with five ports.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor relatively sealed PEC cell, the working, counter, and reference electrode (φ 6 mm) can be purchased separately from here: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/electrolyzers-fuel-cells-accessories?page=1#5a961b28b23fa1ef8cc7ded7ee6c8965\"\u003eElectrochemical Accessories\u003c\/a\u003e. The diameter (I.D.) of ports for electrodes is 6.5 mm, and the diameter (I.D.) of ports for gas flow ports is 3.2 mm.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor absolutely sealed PEC cell, the specially designed working, counter, and reference electrodes can be supplied upon request. The valves are not included. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Luggin Capillary can be additionally purchased to host the reference electrode to reduce voltage drop.  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe sampling port can be added on the standard version by customization. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell volume: 50 mL (other volumes in 30-500 mL can be supplied upon request)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Types\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelatively Sealed + Single-Layer + Single Quartz Window\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelatively Sealed + Dual-Layer (Water Bath) + Single Quartz Window\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelatively Sealed + Single-Layer + Double Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelatively Sealed + Dual-Layer (Water Bath) + Double Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolutely Sealed + Single-Layer + Single Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolutely Sealed + Dual-Layer + Single Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolutely Sealed + Single-Layer + Double Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolutely Sealed + Dual-Layer + Double Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Relatively Sealed + Single-Layer + Single Quartz Window","offer_id":47454097080550,"sku":"CFPRHTTCRSSLSQW","price":399.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Relatively Sealed + Dual-Layer (Water Bath) + Single Quartz Window","offer_id":47454097113318,"sku":"CFPRHTTCRSDLSQW","price":499.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Relatively Sealed + Single-Layer + Double Quartz Window","offer_id":47454097146086,"sku":"CFPRHTTCRSSLDQW","price":499.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Relatively Sealed + Dual-Layer (Water Bath) + Double Quartz Window","offer_id":47454097178854,"sku":"CFPRHTTCRSDLDQW","price":649.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Absolutely Sealed + Single-Layer + Single Quartz Window","offer_id":47454150852838,"sku":"CFPRHTTCASSLSQW","price":449.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Absolutely Sealed + Dual-Layer + Single Quartz Window","offer_id":47454150885606,"sku":"CFPRHTTCASDLSQW","price":549.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Absolutely Sealed + Single-Layer + Double Quartz Window","offer_id":47454150918374,"sku":"CFPRHTTCASSLDQW","price":549.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Absolutely Sealed + Dual-Layer + Double Quartz Window","offer_id":47454150951142,"sku":"CFPRHTTCASDLDQW","price":699.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CFPRHTGCSIQW_01.png?v=1773547701"},{"product_id":"cfprmhttc","title":"Mini-H-Type Test Cell (10mL+10mL) with Single\/Double Quartz Window for Fundamental Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) Research, CFPRMHTTC","description":"\u003cp\u003eA mini-H-type test cell with a quartz window is a compact, high-precision reactor (typically 10–50 mL per chamber) designed for the rigorous characterization of photoelectrocatalytic materials. In your specialized research areas—such as CO2 reduction (CO2RR), N2 reduction (N2RR), or solar water splitting—the \"mini\" form factor is specifically chosen to maximize the concentration of reaction products (making them easier to detect via GC or HPLC) and to minimize the consumption of expensive electrolytes or isotope-labeled reactants.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \"Mini\" cel volume design brings the following benefits: (1) \u003cstrong\u003eEnhanced Product Detection\u003c\/strong\u003e: Smaller electrolyte volumes (e.g., 15 mL) result in higher molar concentrations of liquid products (like ethanol or formic acid), which is critical for accurate Faradaic Efficiency calculations. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eMinimized iR Drop\u003c\/strong\u003e: In these compact cells, the reference electrode (often in a curved Luggin capillary) can be positioned within 1–2 mm of the photo-working electrode, significantly reducing voltage losses through the electrolyte. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eGas-Tight Integrity\u003c\/strong\u003e: Miniature H-cells often feature Ace-Thred (threaded PTFE) or compression-sealed ports rather than ground-glass joints, ensuring the \"absolute seal\" necessary for sensitive gas-phase analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCFPRMHTTC (C-FPR-MHTTC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe H-type test cell body is made of borosilicate glass. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe side-illumination window is made of quartz with light transparence \u0026gt;95%. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe cell lid is PTFE with five ports.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor relatively sealed PEC cell, the working, counter, and reference electrode (φ 6 mm) can be purchased separately from here: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/electrolyzers-fuel-cells-accessories?page=1#5a961b28b23fa1ef8cc7ded7ee6c8965\"\u003eElectrochemical Accessories\u003c\/a\u003e. The diameter (I.D.) of ports for electrodes is 6.5 mm, and the diameter (I.D.) of ports for gas flow ports is 3.2 mm.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor absolutely sealed PEC cell, the specially designed working, counter, and reference electrodes can be supplied upon request. The valves are not included. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Luggin Capillary can be additionally purchased to host the reference electrode to reduce voltage drop.  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe ion-exchange membrane can be additionally purchased from here: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/membranes-and-mea\"\u003eElectrochemical Membranes\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe sampling port can be added on the standard version by customization. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEach cell volume: 10 mL\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Types\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingle Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDouble Quartz Windows\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Single Quartz Window","offer_id":47454158225638,"sku":"CFPRMHTTCSQW","price":399.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Double Quartz Windows","offer_id":47454158455014,"sku":"CFPRMHTTCDQW","price":499.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CFPRMHTTC_main.png?v=1773552910"},{"product_id":"cfprptfetc","title":"PTFE Test Cell (50mL) with Single Quartz Window for Fundamental Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) Research, CFPRPTFETC","description":"\u003cp\u003eA PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) test cell with a quartz window is a specialized reactor designed for photoelectrochemical (PEC) research in aggressive environments. While glass is the standard for many labs, PTFE is chosen when the electrolyte would otherwise etch, contaminate, or react with a glass cell body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are many reasons to choose PTFE test cell for photoelectrochemistry research: (1) \u003cstrong\u003eChemical Inertness\u003c\/strong\u003e: PTFE is resistant to nearly all chemicals, including the concentrated bases (e.g., 6M KOH) used in alkaline water splitting and the aggressive organic solvents (Acetonitrile, DMF) used in CO2 reduction. (2) \u003cstrong\u003ePurity\u003c\/strong\u003e: Unlike borosilicate glass, which can leach silicates and metallic impurities into the electrolyte at high pH, PTFE ensures that your measured photocurrent comes solely from your catalyst and not from background contamination. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eModular \"Mini\" Geometry\u003c\/strong\u003e: PTFE is easily machined into compact, gas-tight blocks. This allows for low-volume chambers that concentrate reaction products, making them easier to detect via GC or HPLC.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCFPRPTFETC (C-FPR-PTFETC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe whole PEC test cell is made of PTFE, which is highly resistant to harsh electrochemical environments. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe side-illumination window is made of quartz with light transparence \u0026gt;95%. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor relatively sealed test cell, the working, counter, and reference electrode (φ 6 mm) can be purchased separately from here: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/electrolyzers-fuel-cells-accessories?page=1#5a961b28b23fa1ef8cc7ded7ee6c8965\"\u003eElectrochemical Accessories\u003c\/a\u003e. The diameter (I.D.) of ports for electrodes is 6.5 mm, and the diameter (I.D.) of ports for gas flow ports is 3.2 mm.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor absolutely sealed PEC cell, the specially designed working, counter, and reference electrodes can be supplied upon request. The valves are not included. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Luggin Capillary can be additionally purchased to host the reference electrode to reduce voltage drop.  \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe sampling port can be added on the standard version by customization. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell volume: 50 mL\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Types\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRegular Clamp-Type + Relatively Sealed\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRegular Clamp-Type + Absolutely Sealed\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBack Support-Type + Relatively Sealed\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBack Support-Type + Absolutely Sealed\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Regular Clamp-Type + Relatively Sealed","offer_id":47454177919206,"sku":"CFPRPTFETCRCRS","price":299.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Regular Clamp-Type + Absolutely Sealed","offer_id":47454177951974,"sku":"CFPRPTFETCRCAS","price":349.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Back Support-Type + Relatively Sealed","offer_id":47454242439398,"sku":"CFPRPTFETCBSRS","price":399.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Back Support-Type + Absolutely Sealed","offer_id":47454242472166,"sku":"CFPRPTFETCBSAS","price":449.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CFPRPTFETC_01.png?v=1773557012"},{"product_id":"cfprhtptfetc","title":"H-Type PTFE Test Cell (25mL+25mL) with Single\/Double Quartz Window for Fundamental Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) Research, CFPRHTPTFETC","description":"\u003cp\u003eAn H-type PTFE Testing Cell with a Quartz Window is the pinnacle of reactor design for researchers working in harsh electrochemical environments. While glass H-cells are common, the PTFE (Teflon) body is explicitly required when working with highly alkaline solutions (like 6M KOH for Zinc-Air or water splitting) or aggressive organic solvents that would otherwise leach impurities from, or etch, a glass surface.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe H-type geometry provides physical separation between the anode and cathode, while the PTFE construction ensures that the cell itself remains a passive participant in the reaction. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eChemical Superiority\u003c\/strong\u003e: PTFE is nearly universally inert. This is critical for N2 reduction (NRR) or CO2 reduction (CO2RR) research, where trace silicates or metal ions leached from glass can lead to \"false positive\" catalytic activity. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eQuartz Window (JGS1\/JGS2)\u003c\/strong\u003e: To allow light in, a flat quartz disk is compression-sealed into the side of the PTFE chamber. This provides \u0026gt;90% transmission for UV-Vis light, allowing you to illuminate your photoelectrode (FTO\/ITO) without the \"lensing effect\" caused by curved cell walls. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eDurability\u003c\/strong\u003e: Unlike quartz square cells, a machined PTFE block is virtually indestructible and can withstand accidental drops or high-torque clamping of membranes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCFPRHTPTFETC (C-FPR-HTPTFETC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe whole PEC test cell is made of PTFE, which is highly resistant to harsh electrochemical environments. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe side-illumination window is made of quartz with light transparence \u0026gt;95%. Quartz diameter is ~37 mm. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor relatively sealed test cell, the working, counter, and reference electrode (φ 6 mm) can be purchased separately from here: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/electrolyzers-fuel-cells-accessories?page=1#5a961b28b23fa1ef8cc7ded7ee6c8965\"\u003eElectrochemical Accessories\u003c\/a\u003e. The diameter (I.D.) of ports for electrodes is 6.5 mm, and the diameter (I.D.) of ports for gas flow ports is 3.2 mm.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor absolutely sealed PEC cell, the specially designed working, counter, and reference electrodes can be supplied upon request. The valves are not included. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn ion-exchange membrane should be prepared by customer themselves to separate the anode and cathode compartments.  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Luggin Capillary can be additionally purchased to host the reference electrode to reduce voltage drop.  \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe sampling port can be added on the standard version by customization. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell volume: 50 mL\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Types\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelatively Sealed + Single Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsolutely Sealed + Single Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRelatively Sealed + Double Quartz Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Relatively Sealed + Single Quartz Window","offer_id":47454262329574,"sku":"CFPRHTPTFETCRSSQW","price":549.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Absolutely Sealed + Single Quartz Window","offer_id":47454262362342,"sku":"CFPRHTPTFETCASSQW","price":599.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Relatively Sealed + Double Quartz Window","offer_id":47454262395110,"sku":"CFPRHTPTFETCRSDQW","price":599.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CFPRHTPTFETC_01.png?v=1773559006"},{"product_id":"cmpecsctc","title":"Mini Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Single-Chamber Test Cell (10 mL), CMPECSCTC","description":"\u003cp\u003eA mini photoelectrochemical (PEC) test cell is a compact, high-precision reactor designed to evaluate the solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of semiconductor films while using minimal amounts of electrolyte and catalyst material. In research areas like CO2 reduction (CO2RR) or solar water splitting, the \"mini\" form factor (typically 5–25 mL) is strategically used to concentrate reaction products, making them easier to quantify via Gas Chromatography (GC) or HPLC. This setup is the primary tool for measuring Photocurrent Density, Mott-Schottky plots, and Photostability of thin-film semiconductors like TiO2, WO3, or BiVO4 deposited on FTO\/ITO glass.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cell is designed to place the photo-working electrode as close to the optical window as possible while maintaining a standard three-electrode electrochemical environment. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eOptical Window\u003c\/strong\u003e: A flat Quartz (Fused Silica) window is essential. It ensures high transmission (\u0026gt;90%) of UV light, which is necessary for wide-bandgap semiconductors, and eliminates the \"lensing effect\" found in curved glass cells. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eSingle-Chamber Geometry\u003c\/strong\u003e: Unlike an H-cell, all three electrodes share the same electrolyte volume. This is ideal for fundamental studies where product crossover is not a primary concern (e.g., initial catalyst screening). (3) \u003cstrong\u003e\"Thin-Gap\" Concept\u003c\/strong\u003e: These cells often feature an adjustable internal volume, allowing the electrode to sit within 1–5 mm of the quartz window. This minimizes \"solution shielding,\" where the electrolyte absorbs or scatters photons before they reach the catalyst.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCMPECSCTC (C-MPECSCTC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe PEC cell body is made of PTFE, which is highly resistant to harsh electrochemical environments. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe side-illumination window is made of quartz with light transparence \u0026gt;95%. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe working electrode sheet is pressed and tighten by back-support. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe counter and reference electrode is Pt wire and Ag\/AgCl, respectively, which have been installed in the cell. \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe light illumination area is 1 cm2 (customized areas can be customized upon request). \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell volume: 10 mL\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe cell components should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use. \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"GSRL","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47454316331238,"sku":"CMPECSCTC","price":999.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CMPECSCTC_main.png?v=1773560465"},{"product_id":"eysmpecrms","title":"ECS-YS Mini Photoelectrochemical (PEC) reactor (Max. 250°C, 10 MPa) with Magnetic Stirring, EYSMPECRMS","description":"\u003cp\u003eA Mini Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Reactor with Magnetic Stirring is a specialized electrochemical cell designed to study the synergy between light energy and electrical bias. PEC reactors are primarily used for \"operando\" surface engineering—specifically, using light to catalyze the chemical reactions to realize solar fuel generation. The integration of Magnetic Stirring is a mechanical necessity for PEC work: it ensures high mass transport of ions to the photoelectrode surface and prevents local pH or concentration gradients that can lead to inconsistent \"hot spots\" during light-induced charging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA research-grade PEC reactor typically utilizes a \"Three-Electrode\" configuration housed within a light-tight, optically transparent vessel. (1) \u003cstrong\u003ePhoto-Working Electrode (WE)\u003c\/strong\u003e: Usually a semiconductor-coated conductive substrate (e.g., TiO2 on FTO glass). This is where the light-matter interaction occurs. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eQuartz Window\u003c\/strong\u003e: A high-purity optical port that allows UV-Vis light to reach the electrode without significant absorption or scattering. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eMagnetic Stirring Base\u003c\/strong\u003e: A low-profile stirrer integrated into the bottom of the cell to keep the electrolyte in constant motion. (4) Reference \u0026amp; Counter Electrodes: Standard Ag\/AgCl or Pt wires, essential for the high-precision voltage control required by potentiostats.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"height: 201.2px;\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEYSMPECRMS (EYS-MPECRMS)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePower\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAC110-220V±10%, single phase, 50\/60Hz, 1200 W \u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKey Features for Batch Reactor\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReactor Material: SS316L (other materials, such as Ti, Hastelloy can be supplied upon request)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReactor Volume Options: 100, 250, and 500 mL\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesign Temperature: Max. 250 °C, adjustable, over-temperature alarm (the recommended operation temperature is ≤200 °C. If it is used for electrocatalytic reactions, the maximum temperature is 80°C). \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHigh Pressure: Max. 10 MPa (higher pressure of 20 MPa can be supplied upon request.)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO-ring Sealing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMagnetic Stirring: 80 W, 150-1500 rpm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSide Observation Window: Sapphire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e          \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/EYSMPECRMS_03_100x100.png?v=1777836760\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGas Port: 316L, Φ3 clamp, M12-1\/4\" tubing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid Port: 316L, Φ3 clamp, M12-1\/4\" tubing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlasting Port: C276, 1\/4\" clamp, M12-1\/4\" tubing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTemperature Measuring Port: 316L, M12-1\/8\" clamp\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePressure Measuring Port: 316L, M12\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eOptional \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe LED light or Xe lamp can be added upon request. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e         \u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/EYSMPRMS_04_100x100.png?v=1777831878\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCertification\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCE certified\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUL and CSA certification is available upon request at extra cost\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDimension\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL270 * 400 * H560 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-49273-2\"\u003eF. Liang, et al., Assessing elevated pressure impact on photoelectrochemical water splitting via multiphysics modeling, Nature Communications, 2024, 15, 4944\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/acs.iecr.2c01855\"\u003eA. E. Karaca, et al., New Photoelectrochemical Reactor for Hydrogen Generation: Experimental Investigation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2022, 61, 34, 12448–12457.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"YZYQ","offers":[{"title":"100 mL","offer_id":47624630141158,"sku":"EYSMPECRMS100","price":8888888.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"250 mL","offer_id":47624630173926,"sku":"EYSMPECRMS250","price":8888888.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"500 mL","offer_id":47624630206694,"sku":"EYSMPECRMS500","price":8888888.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/EYSMPECRMS_main.png?v=1777836235"},{"product_id":"ebshgipvpec","title":"ECS-B Integrated Photovoltaic-Photoelectrochemical Reactor (PV-PEC, L380 × W350 mm) for Solar Hydrogen Generation, EBSHGIPVPEC","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe Integrated Photovoltaic-Photoelectrochemical (PV-PEC) Reactor represents the pinnacle of \"Artificial Leaf\" technology. Unlike a standard electrolyzer connected to solar panels via wires, an integrated PV-PEC device combines light harvesting and electrochemical conversion into a single, often monolithic, assembly.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe core of an integrated PV-PEC reactor is the \"wireless\" stack. In this configuration, the photovoltaic component provides the supplemental voltage (bias) necessary to drive the electrochemical reaction without external power electronics. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eTandem Junctions\u003c\/strong\u003e: To split water (1.23 V thermodynamic minimum + overpotentials ~1.6-1.9 V), a single semiconductor cannot efficiently capture the solar spectrum and provide enough voltage. Integrated reactors use Tandem Stacks (e.g., a Perovskite top cell and a Crystalline Silicon bottom cell). (2) \u003cstrong\u003eThe Buried Junction\u003c\/strong\u003e: The PV part is \"buried\" protected from the electrolyte, while the PEC part (the photoelectrode) is in direct contact with the liquid\/gas. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eOhmic Loss Reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e: By eliminating external wiring and power converters, integrated systems minimize resistive losses (I^2R), potentially offering a higher theoretical efficiency limit than decoupled systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"height: 813.6px;\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 47.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%; height: 47.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%; height: 47.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEBSHGIPVPEC (EB-SHGIPVPEC)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 299.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%; height: 299.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeneral Configuration\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%; height: 299.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe workflow configuration of PV+(P)EC system is shown below:\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e          \u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/EBSHGIPVPEC_02_160x160.png?v=1778220422\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe PV and PEC reactor can simultaneously move to track the solar light in a certain angle range\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e           \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/EBSHGIPVPEC_03_100x100.png?v=1778220756\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 263.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%; height: 263.2px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKey Features for the PV-PEC Reactor\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%; height: 263.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElectrode Sizes: (1) photoelectrode: L90mm*W80mm*T2.3 mm, 9 pieces; (2) L250mm*W250mm*T0.4mm Ti felt electrode.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOutput Current: 0-20 A (current density is 20 mA\/cm2)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOutput Voltage: 0-12 V\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMembrane: L280mm*W280mm*T0.5mm, composite membrane\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReactor Size:\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e L380mm*W350mm*T50mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEffective Illumination Area: 0.25 m2 (other values of 0.5 m2 and 1.0 m2 can be customized by series connection)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAngle Adjustment of Reactor: 0-60°\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid Flow Rate: 0.1-1 L\/min\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOperation Temperature Range: 10-60℃ (higher temperature version is available upon request)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 145.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%; height: 145.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eApplications\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%; height: 145.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWater Splitting\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCO2\/N2 Reduction\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMethan Dry Reforming\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiomass Conversion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolymer Upcycling\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganic Synthesis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 47.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%; height: 47.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDimension\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%; height: 47.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL900 * W 700 * H 970 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 10px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 17.9856%; height: 10px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eWeight\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.6547%; height: 10px;\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e40 kg\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/acsenergylett.6b00610\"\u003eA. Rothschild, et. al. Beating the Efficiency of Photovoltaics-Powered Electrolysis with Tandem Cell Photoelectrolysis, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 1, 45–51\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlehtml\/2014\/cs\/c3cs60424a\"\u003eJ. Rongé, et. al. Monolithic cells for solar fuels. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 7963-7981\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"BFL","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47639105110246,"sku":"EBSHGIPVPEC","price":8888888.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/EBSHGIPVPEC_main.png?v=1778220423"},{"product_id":"ebepects","title":"ECS-B Economic Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Testing System (Max. 50*50 mm), EBEPECTS","description":"\u003cp\u003eA Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Testing System is an integrated laboratory setup designed to evaluate the efficiency with which a semiconductor material converts light energy into chemical energy or electricity. Unlike standard electrochemical testing, a PEC system must synchronize precise optical delivery with sensitive electronic measurements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA professional PEC station is composed of three primary subsystems: Optical Source, the Electrochemical Cell, and the Measurement Hardware. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eOptical Subsystem Light Source\u003c\/strong\u003e: Typically a Xenon Arc Lamp (150W – 500W) which provides a continuous spectrum. High-stability LED arrays are increasingly used for monochromatic studies. The AM 1.5G Filter is essential for simulating standard terrestrial sunlight (Solar Simulator). The optical path includes shutters, neutral density (ND) filters for intensity control, and monochromators or bandpass filters for wavelength-dependent measurements (IPCE). (2) \u003cstrong\u003ePEC Reactor Cell Configuration\u003c\/strong\u003e: Usually a three-electrode setup (Working Electrode\/Photoelectrode, Pt Counter Electrode, and Ag\/AgCl or SCE Reference Electrode). The optical window is normally high-purity fused silica (Quartz) to allow maximum UV-Vis-NIR transmission. There are ports for inert gas purging (N2\/Ar) to remove dissolved oxygen or for feeding reactants like CO2. (3) \u003cstrong\u003ePotentiostat\/Galvanostat\u003c\/strong\u003e: The workstation must be capable of fast sampling and sensitive current detection (often in the nA to uA range for laboratory-scale electrodes). Modern systems are often integrated via PLC or specialized software to trigger the light shutter simultaneously with the start of an electrochemical scan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEBEPECTS (EB-EPECTS)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePower\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAC110-AC220V±10%, single phase, 50\/60Hz, 500 W\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eLight Source Unit\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLight Source Power: 300 W, Max. 21 A\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRectangular Light Spot: 10*10 mm ~ 50*50 mm (adjustable)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLight Intensity: 2.765 W\/cm2 (15*15mm), or 1.182 W\/cm2 (40*40mm)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOutput Light Wavelength: 320-800 nm (uniformity\u0026gt;96%)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFilter Light: UV, Vis, and IR\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePEC Reactor \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThree-electrode system with high sealing chamber\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAll-in-One Lid with three electrode ports\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuick-connect flange connection\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDisassemble Light Window\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReactor Volume: 180 mL (effective volume is ~90 mL)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eLight Power Measurement Unit \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeasurement Wavelength Range: 0.2-1.1 um\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePower Range: 0-20 W (±1W)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetector Diameter: Φ20 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeasurement Error: \u0026lt; ±2.5%\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eShutter Unit\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTime Range: 1 s-30 min\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLight Port Diameter: Φ40 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFunctions of On\/Off, Timing for On\/Off, Shutter Period, and Lasting Time. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eMovement Unit\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHorizontal Adjustment: 0-200 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLight power measurement position and reaction postion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmergency stop, position calibration, and position memory functions. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotentiostat (Optional)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe high-precision potentiostat can be supplied upon request.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e±10V, ±2.0A, EIS: 10uHz~1MHz\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e        \u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/EBEPECTS_03_100x100.png?v=1778226985\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eApplications\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWater Splitting\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCO2\/N2 Reduction\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiomass Conversion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolymer Upcycling\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganic Synthesis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eDimension\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL770 * W 320 * H 460 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eWeight\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e30 kg\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/jz300220b\"\u003eG. Hodes, et. al. Photoelectrochemical Cell Measurements: Getting the Basics Right, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 9, 1208–1213\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00001\"\u003eM. R. Nellist, et. al. Semiconductor–Electrocatalyst Interfaces: Theory, Experiment, and Applications in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 4, 733–740\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"BFL","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47639584997606,"sku":"EBEPECTS","price":8888888.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/EBEPECTS_main.png?v=1778226326"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/collections\/CMPECSCTC_main.png?v=1778264678","url":"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/photoelectrochemistry.oembed","provider":"EChem Supplies","version":"1.0","type":"link"}