{"title":"Spark Plasma Sintering","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpark plasma sintering (SPS) consolidates powders to near-theoretical density in minutes rather than hours, using pulsed DC current and uniaxial pressure to drive Joule heating directly through a graphite die.\u003c\/strong\u003e The short dwell time and high heating rate suppress grain growth, preserve metastable phases, and let researchers densify materials that decompose, lose lithium, or coarsen under conventional pressureless sintering. For solid-state battery, thermoelectric, and ceramic-electrolyte work, SPS is the densification step that lets you study the bulk transport properties of a material rather than the porosity between its grains.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEquipment in this collection covers the full SPS workflow:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSPS furnace systems\u003c\/strong\u003e — pulsed DC power supplies coupled with hydraulic uniaxial pressing, vacuum or inert-atmosphere chambers, and pyrometer or thermocouple temperature feedback for closed-loop ramp control.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGraphite dies, punches, and spacers\u003c\/strong\u003e — consumables sized for standard pellet diameters, used to confine the powder and conduct current and pressure into the green body.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGraphite foil and felt liners\u003c\/strong\u003e — placed between powder and tooling to prevent sticking, smooth current distribution, and protect the die wall from reactive ceramics.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eVacuum and inert-gas accessories\u003c\/strong\u003e — pumps, gas lines, and feedthroughs that keep oxygen and moisture out of the chamber during densification of oxide and sulfide electrolytes.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSPS is particularly useful for garnet-type LLZO, NASICON-type LATP and LAGP, sulfide electrolytes such as Li6PS5Cl and Li10GeP2S12, and dense oxide cathodes for thin pellet test cells. Because heating goes through the sample itself, ramp rates of hundreds of degrees per minute are routine, which matters when the target phase is only stable in a narrow window or when lithium loss must be limited.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIf you are densifying solid electrolytes for impedance and DC polarization measurements, start here and then see \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/solid-state-synthesis\"\u003eSolid-State Synthesis\u003c\/a\u003e for upstream calcination and milling steps. For follow-on cell assembly, see Coin Cell Assembly; for pressing-only consolidation without the pulsed-current step, see Hydraulic Presses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n","products":[{"product_id":"enspsf","title":"ECS-N Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Furnace (2200℃, 30T, Φ80mm), ENSPSF","description":"\u003cp\u003eA Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Furnace, also known as Field Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST), is a high-speed consolidation technology that uses a combination of uniaxial pressure and high-intensity, low-voltage pulsed direct current (DC) to densify materials.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor battery R\u0026amp;D, SPS is a critical \"mechanical necessity.\" It allows you to achieve near-theoretical density in minutes, whereas conventional muffle furnaces require hours. This speed is vital for suppressing the evaporation of volatile elements like Sodium and Lithium.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike conventional sintering which relies on external radiant heat, SPS utilizes internal Joule heating. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eJoule Heating\u003c\/strong\u003e: The pulsed current passes directly through the conductive graphite die and, if the sample is conductive, through the sample itself. This creates rapid heating rates (up to 600℃\/min). (2) \u003cstrong\u003ePlasma Effect (Debated)\u003c\/strong\u003e: Historically, it was believed that \"sparks\" or \"plasma\" were generated between powder particles, stripping away surface oxides. While recent 2026 studies (e.g., from Tohoku University) suggest the densification is primarily driven by pressure and rapid heat, the term \"SPS\" remains the industry standard. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eUniaxial Pressure\u003c\/strong\u003e: High pressure (10–100 MPa) is applied during heating, which physically collapses pores and promotes plastic deformation at lower temperatures than pressureless sintering.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eENSPSF (EN-SPSF)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeneral Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe sintering temperature is relatively low, which save energy 1\/3 compared to conventional heating. It also can suppress the crystalline growth and phase decomposition\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFast heating rate that significantly shorten the processing time\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExtra high density that close to the theoretical value \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUltrafine crystalline with nanostructure\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eSPS Furnace Features\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePower: AC380V±10%, three-phases, 50\/60Hz, 120 kW\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeating Current: Max. 10000 A\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeating Temperature: Max. 2200 ℃ (±2℃)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTemperature Control: K-type thermocouple + IR temperature sensor \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUltimate Vacuum: \u0026lt;6.67 * 10^(-3) Pa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePress Force: Max. 30 T, adjustable (≤±100N, manual or auto)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTraverse Distance: 0-100 mm (digital gauge)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePress Head Diameter: \u003cspan\u003eΦ120mm\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHeating Rate: (1) 1000℃, Φ80mm (50℃\/min); (2) 2000℃, Φ50mm (100℃\/min); (3) 2000℃, Φ20-40 mm, 500 ℃\/min\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSintering Sample Size: Φ10-80 mm, H:1-30mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e          \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/ENSPSF_02_100x100.png?v=1777824922\" alt=\"\" style=\"margin-bottom: 16px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe pressure gauge reading should be less than 0.15 MPa to avoid damage. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe maximum operation temperature should below 800\u003cspan\u003e℃ under vacuum operation\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eCertification\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCE certified\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUL and CSA certification is available upon request at extra cost\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eDimension\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL2200 × D2200 × H2000 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003eWeight\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e~900 kg\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S037877531630814X\"\u003eJ. Wu, et al., Microwave sintering and in-situ transmission electron microscopy heating study of Li1·2(Mn0·53Co0.27)O2 with improved electrochemical performance, Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 326, 104-111\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0378775320312258\"\u003eX. Wang, et al., Low temperature and rapid microwave sintering of Na3Zr2Si2PO12 solid electrolytes for Na-Ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 481, 228924\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/jace.12278\"\u003eK. I. Rybakov, et al., Microwave Sintering: Fundamentals and Modeling, J. Am. Ceramic Soc., 2013, 96, 1003-1020\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"NBD","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47623905640678,"sku":"ENSPSF","price":8888888.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/ENSPSF_main.png?v=1777795384"}],"url":"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/collections\/spark-plasma-sintering.oembed","provider":"EChem Supplies","version":"1.0","type":"link"}