{"product_id":"cefceruo2","title":"Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2, Premetek) as Electrocatalysts for Electrolyzer and Fuel Cell, 0.5 g\/bottle, CEFCERuO2","description":"\u003cp\u003eRuthenium Dioxide (RuO2) is the most active catalyst known for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). While Iridium (IrO2) is the commercial standard due to its longevity, RuO2 is the \"performance leader,\" offering the lowest overpotentials and a significantly lower price point (roughly 15% of the cost of Iridium). \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, RuO2 is used at the anode to split water into oxygen, protons, and electrons. (1) \u003cstrong\u003eHighest Intrinsic Activity\u003c\/strong\u003e: RuO2 has the optimal binding energy for oxygen-related intermediates (OH* and O*). In lab settings, it consistently outperforms IrO2, requiring less voltage to produce the same amount of hydrogen. (2) \u003cstrong\u003eThe \"Stability-Activity\" Trade-off\u003c\/strong\u003e: The main drawback is that RuO2 is less stable than IrO2 in acidic environments. At the high voltages required for electrolysis, the ruthenium can over-oxidize into soluble RuO4, causing the catalyst to dissolve over time. (3) \u003cstrong\u003eModern Solutions\u003c\/strong\u003e: To solve the stability issue, researchers often create Ru-Ir mixed oxides or core-shell structures (like a RuO2 core with an IrO2 protective shell). This keeps the high activity of ruthenium while using a thin layer of iridium for protection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRuO2 is rarely the primary catalyst in a standard hydrogen fuel cell, but it plays two critical secondary roles: (1) \u003cstrong\u003eUnitized Regenerative Fuel Cells (URFC)\u003c\/strong\u003e: In systems that act as both a fuel cell and an electrolyzer, RuO2 is a key component of the bifunctional oxygen electrode. It handles the oxygen evolution when the device is in \"storage mode\" (electrolyzer). (2)\u003cstrong\u003e Corrosion Mitigation (Anode Additive)\u003c\/strong\u003e: A small amount of RuO2 is sometimes added to the fuel cell anode. During \"fuel starvation\" events (when the cell temporarily runs out of H2), the RuO2 facilitates water splitting instead of letting the high voltage destroy the carbon support.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 80.0642%; height: 276.938px;\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.6066%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePart Number\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 57.1502%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCEFCERuO2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.6066%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssay Purity\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 57.1502%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;99.0%\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43.0375px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.6066%; height: 43.0375px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMetal Surface Area\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 57.1502%; height: 43.0375px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e15-25 m2\/g\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.6066%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTap Density\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 57.1502%; height: 35.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e0.4-0.8 g\/cm3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43.0375px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.6066%; height: 43.0375px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMetal Crystallite Size\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 57.1502%; height: 43.0375px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e6-10 nm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16.0375px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.6066%; height: 16.0375px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCatalyst granule size D(100)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 57.1502%; height: 16.0375px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e≤ 75 µm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39.1125px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.6066%; height: 39.1125px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpurities \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 57.1502%; height: 39.1125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e≤ 500 ppm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 28.9125px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 42.6066%; height: 28.9125px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePackage Size\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 57.1502%; height: 28.9125px;\"\u003e0.5 g\/bottle\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNotes\u003c\/strong\u003e: Please try to store the RuO2 powder in a dry place.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c\/strong\u003e: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-55747-0\"\u003eW. X. Zheng, et al. Boosting the durability of RuO2 via confinement effect for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer, Nature Communications, 2025, 16, 337\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S2211285518307341\"\u003eH. S. Park, et al. RuO2 nanocluster as a 4-in-1 electrocatalyst for hydrogen and oxygen electrochemistry, Nano Energy, 2019, 55, 49-58\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e","brand":"Premetek","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47352644075750,"sku":"CEFCERuO2","price":259.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0774\/6591\/1526\/files\/CEFCERuO2_main_renew.png?v=1772352320","url":"https:\/\/echemsupplies.com\/products\/cefceruo2","provider":"EChem Supplies","version":"1.0","type":"link"}