Photoreactors

Photoreactors give you controlled hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxide or salt precursors, so the gel network forms with the porosity, homogeneity, and stoichiometry your downstream calcination step depends on. The reactor — not the recipe — decides whether you land a uniform xerogel or a clumpy, segregated mess that drifts batch-to-batch when you scale from a 50 mL screening run to a kilo-scale electrode-material campaign.

Sol-gel synthesis sits upstream of most oxide cathode, solid electrolyte, and catalyst-support workflows on this catalog: layered NCM and Li-rich oxides made by citrate or Pechini routes, NASICON-type Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 and LATP / LAGP solid electrolytes, garnet LLZO precursor gels, perovskite LSCF and LSM cathodes for SOFC, spinel LMO and LNMO precursors, and high-surface-area supports such as silica, alumina, titania, and ceria for fuel-cell and electrolyzer catalysts.

Reactors in this collection cover the standard sol-gel process variables:

• Jacketed glass vessels with precise temperature control for the hydrolysis and aging stages, where local hot spots ruin gel uniformity
• Inert-atmosphere ports for moisture- and oxygen-sensitive alkoxides such as titanium, zirconium, niobium, and tantalum precursors
• Overhead stirring with PTFE or glass impellers, sized for viscosity that climbs by orders of magnitude as gelation proceeds
• pH and temperature feedthroughs for citrate, Pechini, and ammonia-catalyzed Stoeber-type routes
• Reflux condensers and dosing inlets for slow, dropwise addition of water or chelating agents

Match the reactor to the chemistry. Aqueous citrate and Pechini routes for transition-metal oxides tolerate borosilicate glass and ambient atmosphere. Alkoxide routes for titania, zirconia, and silica need dry inert gas and tight feed control. Polymer-assisted routes for solid-electrolyte precursors run at higher viscosity and benefit from torque-monitored stirring.

If you are making oxide cathode precursors, pair a reactor here with calcination furnaces and planetary mills downstream. For solid-electrolyte and catalyst-support work, look at the sister collections under Liquid-Phase Synthesis and the broader Synthesis Equipment hub.