PDS (Phenyl disulfide, >99.0%) Powder as Electrolyte Additive for Battery and CO2RR, CBCO2RREAPDS

Phenyl disulfide (also known as Diphenyl disulfide, Ph2S2) is an organosulfur compound that has emerged as a dual-purpose additive in carbon-based energy systems. In both CO2 reduction and Li-CO2 batteries, it functions primarily as a redox mediator and surface modifier, though its specific role shifts depending on the electrochemical environment.

As for Li-S batteries, phenyl disulfide acts as a chemical "scissor" to manage the "shuttle effect" and the sluggish kinetics of solid-state conversion. (1) Cleaving Polysulfides: Ph2S2 can undergo an exchange reaction with long-chain lithium polysulfides (Li2Sn). It cleaves the large molecules into smaller, more soluble organosulfur fragments (PhSnLi). (2) Improving Kinetics: By converting solid Li2S or Li2S2 into more soluble organolithium thiolates, it reduces the "dead sulfur" that typically accumulates on the cathode, improving capacity and rate performance. (3) Lowering Viscosity: The resulting organosulfur species often lead to a less viscous electrolyte compared to one saturated with inorganic polysulfides, facilitating faster ion transport.

Li-CO2 Batteries: As for Li-CO2 batteries, the primary challenge is the slow kinetics of the discharge product formation (Li2CO3) and its subsequent decomposition during charging. Phenyl disulfide acts as a Redox Mediator (RM). (1) Discharge (Oxygen/CO2 Reduction): Phenyl disulfide can help stabilize superoxide-like intermediates in the electrolyte. This promotes a solution-mediated pathway for the formation of Li2CO3, leading to large, crystalline discharge products rather than a thin, insulating film that "chokes" the cathode. (2) Charge (Oxygen/CO2 Evolution): The most critical role of Ph2S2 in Li-CO2 batteries is reducing the massive charging overpotential (often >4.0 V). The disulfide can be electrochemically oxidized at the cathode to form a radical cation or a thiosulfonate species. This oxidized species then chemically reacts with the solid Li2CO3 to decompose it, effectively acting as a "chemical catalyst" that lowers the voltage required to "clean" the cathode.

Electrochemical CO2 Reduction (CO2RR): In aqueous or organic CO2RR, phenyl disulfide is used to tune the selectivity of transition metal catalysts, particularly Copper (Cu) and Silver (Ag). (1) S-Metal Interaction: Phenyl disulfide can undergo reductive cleavage of the S-S bond at the cathode, forming thiolate species (PhS-) that chemisorb strongly onto the catalyst surface. (2) Selective Poisoning: This adsorbed layer "poisons" the active sites usually responsible for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). By suppressing H2 production, the Faradaic Efficiency (FE) for carbon products (like CO or HCOO-) is significantly increased. (3) Electronic Effects: The sulfur atoms modify the d-band center of the metal catalyst. In some copper-based systems, this has been shown to stabilize the *CO intermediate, favoring C-C coupling and promoting the formation of Ethylene (C2H4).

Part Number	CBCO2RREAPDS (C-BCO2RR-EA-PDS)
CAS	882-33-7
Chemical Formula	C6H5SSC6H5
Appearance	White powder
Purity	>99.0%
Molecular Weight	218.34 g/mol
Package Size	50 g/bottle (250g, 1 kg, and 5 kg also can be supplied upon request)

Notes: Please try to store the PDS powder in the dry place. 

References: 

1. R. Pipes, et al. Phenyl Disulfide Additive for Solution-Mediated Carbon Dioxide Utilization in Li–CO2 Batteries, Adv Energy Mater., 2019, 9, 1900453.
2. X. Zhang, et al. Promoting the conversion of Li2S by functional additives phenyl diselenide in Lithium–Sulfur batteries, J. Power Sources, 2021, 482, 228967. 
3. X. Li. Hoang, et al., Exploiting thiolate/disulfide redox couples toward large-scale electrochemical carbon dioxide capture and release, Energy Environ. Sci., 2025,18, 2584-2598.