Kuraray Hard Carbon (Type 2) Powder for Na-Ion Battery Anode, 100 g/bottle, CSIBAKHCT2

Hard carbon is a non-graphitizable, amorphous material. Its structure is highly disordered and random, which creates larger interlayer spacing and internal micropores for ion-intercalation and migration.

The sodium storage is described as the following three-step "adsorption-intercalation-filling" mechanism:

(1) Adsorption (High Voltage): Sodium ions first attach (adsorb) to the surfaces and defect sites on the hard carbon particles.

(2) Intercalation (Sloping Voltage): The ions then slide in between the disordered graphitic layers, similar to how lithium enters graphite but in a more chaotic environment.

(3) Pore-Filling (Low Voltage): Finally, the ions cluster together and fill the material's internal nanopores. This step is responsible for a large portion of hard carbon's high capacity.

Unlike most hard carbons, which can be derived from petroleum coke or coal tar, Kuraray's hard carbon is manufactured from plant-based biomass, specifically coconut shells with features of eco-friendly and complex process. It has a wider interlayer spacing (the gaps between the carbon layers, noted as d002 > 0.38 nm) to host large sodium ion compared to the tight spacing in graphite.

Part Number	CSIBAKHC (C-SIB-A-KHC)
Particle Size Distribution	D50 = 5.0 um
Tap Density	1.48 g/cm3
Specific Area	6.0 m2/g
First Discharging Capacity	~300 mAh/g Electrolyte: 1.0 M NaPF6 in EC:DMC:EMC = 1:1:1 with 1.0wt% FEC.
First Columbic Efficiency	~89.3%
Cycling Stability

Notes: (1) Please store the hard carbon powder in a dry area (glovebox is preferred); (2) The battery powder is highly recommended to be dried at 80-100°C in a vacuum oven for 6-12 h before use. 

References: 

1. Z. Li, et al. Defective Hard Carbon Anode for Na-Ion Batteries, Chem. Mater., 2018, 30, 4536–4542.
2. K. Hong, et al. Biomass derived hard carbon used as a high performance anode material for sodium ion batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 12733-12738.