Dry Pouch Cells with Layered Oxide NFM (NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2) + Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Battery, 0.5-7 Ah/pcs/pack, CSIBDPCNNFMO

Assembling Dry Pouch Cells using NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) as the cathode and Hard Carbon (HC) as the anode is the industry-standard approach for developing high-energy-density Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs). This layered oxide chemistry is often favored over Prussian Blue because of its higher volumetric energy density and its processability, which closely mimics traditional Lithium-ion (NMC) manufacturing.

The "Dry" stage is a mandatory quality control gate in NFM production for two reasons: (1) De-gas and De-hydrate: NFM layered oxides can trap moisture within the layers. By vacuum-sealing the cell while "dry" and then placing it in a Vacuum Oven (100-120°C), you ensure that the crystal lattice is free of water before it meets the NaPF6 electrolyte. (2) Storage Stability: Raw NFM electrodes degrade quickly if left exposed. Once inside a sealed dry pouch, the NFM is protected from atmospheric CO2, preventing the formation of resistive carbonate "crusts" on the particle surfaces.

Testing Processes:

(1) Electrolyte Filling with recommended amount in glovebox.
(2) First Time Aging: 45°C, aging time ≥ 15h in an oven.
(3) Formation conditions: 45°C, 5 min rest; 0.02C constant current charging (10% theoretical capacity or 5 h); 0.1C constant current charging (30% theoretical capacity, 3 h); 5 min rest; total capacity is 40% or 8 h;
(4) Second Time Aging: 45°C, aging time ≥ 24h in a oven
(5) Battery Analyzer for charging and discharging.

References:

1. Y. Jin, et al., Low-solvation electrolytes for high-voltage sodium-ion batteries, Nat. Energy, 2022, 7, 718–725. 
2. B. Liu, et al., Super-wetting interface engineering of space-confined micron-sized alloying anodes for high-performance sodium-based dual-ion batteries, Matter, 2025, 8, 102294.