For pouch cell research, an automatic stacking machine is the most critical tool for transitioning from single-layer prototypes to multi-layer high-energy cells. These machines automate the precise "Z-fold" layering of cathodes, anodes, and separators, ensuring the alignment and tension required for high-performance electrochemical testing. The separator is supplied as a continuous web from a tension-controlled roll, while pre-cut anode and cathode sheets are inserted into the folds from opposite sides. This creates a compact, interconnected stack that is superior to simple manual layering.

As for the sheet-type solid-state electrolyte, a piece-by-piece stacking machine is able to continuously pick up the electrode and electrolyte to assemble a multiple-layer solid-state pouch cell.   

References:

J. Kurfer, et al., Production of large-area lithium-ion cells – Preconditioning, cell stacking and quality assurance, CIRP Annals, 2012, 61, 1-4

B. Evanko, et al., Stackable bipolar pouch cells with corrosion-resistant current collectors enable high-power aqueous electrochemical energy storage, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018,11, 2865-2875.